Translations of Parasitic Plant Literature

The papers listed on this page have been translated from their original language into English. For the most part, these represent older literature that had not previously been available in electronic form. Briefly, this is the process that was used to prepare the translations:

1. The original text was scanned (using a flatbed scanner) and the pages saved as TIFF files at 300 dpi.
2. The files (individual pages) were modified using Adobe PhotoShop (adjust contrast/brightness, remove imperfections, align, etc.).
3. The TIFF files were rendered as text and figures using optical character recognition software. The program I use is ReadIris Pro. This allows me to select text, tables, and graphics and save the file in RTF (Rich Text Format) format. This program also accommodates recognition of many languages, thus umlauts, accent marks, etc. are properly interpreted.
4. The RTF file is opened in MSWord and edited. The amount of further editing depends upon the quality of the orignal scan. The original document is consulted and the text is edited line by line.
5. The foreign language text is then translated to English. Because I am not an expert in all the languages I work with (mainly German, French, and Spanish), I use web translation utilities such as AltaVista Babel Fish. In addition, there are a number of helpful web dictionaries that help with scientific words not commonly used. I should also mention the invaluable resource Elsevier's Dictionary of Botany II. General Terms (Macura 1982) which is a tremendous help with French, German and Russian botanical terms. The text generated by Babel Fish is sometimes quite good and other times far off from the original meaning. It is at this stage where most of the work takes place - checking various phrases, etc.
6. In some cases I consulted colleagues who are fluent in the foreign language and who can critically check the translation. For the Russian translation, I have used OCR to convert the scan to Cyrillic characters, but I have not perfected working with this alphabet and automated translation utilities. For this reason, I have Alexey Shipunov to thank for doing the translation of the Teryokhin (1975) manuscript.
7. Once I have the translated text in good order, final assembly of the document involves formatting and inserting figures.
8. The MSWord document is printed as a pdf file and its size is then reduced in Adobe Acrobat.

The translations are obviously imperfect, but in most cases it is clear enough to grasp the general meaning. After doing a number of these, I can appreciate how bridging the communication gap is a real challenge! The result is never perfect because some concepts simply do not translate from one language to another. Maybe some of you who read these translations and are fluent in both languages can suggest improvements. I welcome your input!

Balanophoraceae

Cynomoriaceae

Juel, O. 1910. Cynomorium und Hippuris. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 4: 151-159. Original German pdf HERE (260 kb) or English HERE (264 kb).

Teryokhin, E., Z. Nikiticheva, and M. Yakovlev. 1975. Development of the seed, endosperm and embryo of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (Cynomoriaceae). Bot. Zhurn. 60: 1603-1613. Original Russian pdf HERE (2.3 mb) or English HERE (840 kb).

Weddell, H. A. 1860. Memoire sur le Cynomorium coccineum, parasite de l'ordre des Balanophorées. Archives du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 10: 269-308. Original French pdf HERE (10.5 mb) or English HERE (10.5 mb).

Cytinaceae

Olacaceae

Louis, J., and J. Leonard. 1948. Octoknemaceae. Pages 288-293. Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. Spermatophytes, Bruxelles. The paper describes both Octoknema (Olacaceae) and Okoubaka (Santalaceae). Original French pdf HERE (548 kb) and English translation HERE (544 kb).

Misodendraceae

Skottsberg, C. 1935. Myzodendraceae. Pages 92-97 in A. Engler and K. Prantl, eds. Die Natürlichen Planzenfamilien. Wilhelm Engelman, Leipzig. Original German pdf HERE (680 kb) and English translation HERE (704 kb).

Santalaceae

Dawson, G. 1944. Las Santaláceas Argentinas. Rev. Mus. La Plata N. S. 6: 5-80. In the process of making the translation from Spanish to English.

Engler, A., and K. Krause. 1935. Loranthaceae. Pages 98-203 in A. Engler and K. Prantl, eds. Die Natürlichen Planzenfamilien. Engelmann, W., Leipzig. Translation of Viscoideae-Eremolepideae portion only (pages 182-184). Original German pdf HERE (256 kb) and English HERE (252 kb).

Halle, N. 1987. Okoubaka Pellegrin et Normand est vraiment un genre de Santalaceae. Bull. Mus. Nation. Hist. Nat., B (=Adansonia), 9: 355-363. Original French pdf HERE (1.9 mb) and English translation HERE (1.8 mb).

Hürlimann, H., and H. U. Stauffer. 1957. Santalales-Studien II. Daenikera, eine neue Santalaceen-Gattung. Vierteljahrsschrift Naturf. Ges. Zürich 102:: 332-336. Original German pdf HERE (328 kb) and English HERE (324 kb).

Leonard, J., and G. Troupin. 1950. Observation sur le genre Okoubaka Pellegr. et Normand (Octoknemaceae). Bull. Bot. L'Etat Brux. 20: 11-14. Original French pdf HERE (140 kb) and English HERE (160 kb).

Louis, J., and J. Leonard. 1948. Octoknemaceae. Pages 288-293. Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. Spermatophytes, Bruxelles. The paper describes both Octoknema (Olacaceae) and Okoubaka (Santalaceae). Original French pdf HERE (548 kb) and English translation HERE (544 kb).

Modilewski, I. 1928. Die Embryologische Entwicklung von Thesium intermedium. Bull. Jard. Bot. de Kieff 7: 65-70. Original German HERE (2.2 mb) and English translation HERE (2.2 mb).  

Pilger, R. 1935. Santalaceae. Pages 52-91 in A. Engler and K. Prantl, eds. Die Natürlichen Pflanzen Familien. Engelmann, W., Leipzig. Original German pdf HERE (2.5 mb) and English HERE (2.5 mb).

Stauffer, H. U. 1957. Santalales-Studien I. Zur Stellung der Gattung Okoubaka Pellegrin et Normand. Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 67:422-427. Original German pdf HERE (124 kb) and English HERE (148 kb).

Stauffer, H. U. 1959. Santalales-Studien IV. Revisio Anthobolearum. Mitt. Bot. Mus. Univ. Zurich 213:1-260. [just the portion dealing with Omphacomeria]. Original German pdf HERE (48 kb) and English HERE (56 kb).

Stauffer, H. U. 1961. Santalales-Studien VI. Afrikanische Santalaceae II. Osyridicarpos. Viertelj. Schr. Naturf. Ges. Zurich 106: 400-406. Original German pdf HERE (320 kb) and English HERE (340 kb).

Stauffer, H. U. 1961. Santalales-Studien VII. Sudamerikansche Santalaceae I. Acanthosyris, Cervantesia und Jodina. Viertelj. Schr. Naturf. Ges. Zurich 106: 406-412. Original German pdf HERE (108 kb) and English HERE (320 kb).

Stauffer, H. U. and H. Hurlimann. 1957. Santalales-Studien III. Amphorogyne, eine weitere Santalaceen-Gattung aus Neukaledonien. Viertelj. Schr. Narurf. Ges. Zurich 102:337-349. Original German pdf HERE (72 kb, text only, no photos) and English HERE (2.7 mb, with photos, but from scanned from a photocopy so poor quality).

van Tieghem, P. 1896. Sur les phanérogames à ovule sans nucelle, formant le groupe des innucellées ou santalinées. Bulletin de la Sociéte Botanique de France 43: 543-577. Original French pdf HERE (64 kb) and English HERE (60 kb).

SIUC / College of Science / Parasitic Plant Connection / Translations
URL: http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/Translations.html
Last updated: 16-Nov-07 / dln