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Santalaceae
(including Eremolepidaceae)
|
Distribution Map

Photographs
Acanthosyris
- Acanthosyris annonagustata
- Acanthosyris asipapote
- Acanthosyris falcata
- Plant
with flowers. Bolivia. Photo by A. Gentry (No. 75283). Link goes to TROPICOS database, MO.
- Acanthosyris glabrata.
- Plant
with flowers, Ecuador. Photo by A. Gentry (No. 72366). Link goes to TROPICOS database, MO.
- Acanthosyris spinescens
- Close-up view1
and view2 of
flowers. Florida: Río Viejo, Uruguay. Photo by Mauricio
Bonifacino.
- Plant in fruit.
Called "granaditas" or "quebrachillos." Plants
of the Chaco Orientale, Paraguay. Photo and website
by Juan Antonio Alberto.
Amphorogyne
- Amphorogyne celastroides
- Female flowers.
New Caledonia. Photo from Stauffer (1969, Santalales Studien
X).
- Fruits.
New Caledonia. Photo from Stauffer (1969, Santalales Studien
X).
- Amphorogyne spicata
- Habit of plant,
2.4 m in height. New Caledonia. Photo from Stauffer (1969, Santalales
Studien X).
- Branch with
male flowers. New Caledonia. Photo from Stauffer (1969,
Santalales Studien X).
- Male flowers,
2.0 - 2.2 mm wide. New Caledonia. Photo from Stauffer (1969,
Santalales Studien X).
- Fruit.
New Caledonia. Photo from Stauffer (1969, Santalales Studien
X).
- Amphorogyne staufferi
- Amphorogyne sp.
- Vegetative shoots. Mt.
des Sources, New Caledonia. September 3, 1981. Photo by Job Kuijt.
Anthobolus
- Anthobolus filifolius
- Anthobolus foveolatus
- Anthobolus leptomerioides
Antidaphne
- Antidaphne punctulata
- Flowering plant
parasitic on Desfontainia spinosa. Nahuelbuta Chile. January
2002. Photo by G. Amico.
- Close-up of flowering
shoot. Plant parasitic on Desfontainia spinosa. Nahuelbuta
Chile. Photo by G. Glatzel.
- Antidaphne viscoidea
Arjona
- Arjona patagonica
- Close-up of flower. Portillo, region V (ca 2500 m), Chile. Photo 15 Jan. 2003 by Rolland Douzet.
- Arjona ruscifolia
- Arjona tuberosa
Buckleya
- Buckleya distichophylla
- Buckleya lanceolata
Cervantesia
- Cervantesia tomentosa
Choretrum
- Choretrum candollei
- Choretrum pauciflorum.
- Flowering shoots.
SE Australia. Photo by M. Fagg (from Flora of Australia, Vol.
22, 1984).
- Choretrum spicatum.
- Female flowers
(left) and fruits (right). Australia. Photo from Stauffer (1969,
Santalales Studien X).
Colpoon
- Colpoon compressum
Comandra
- Comandra umbellata
- Flowering shoot. Virginia,
USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
- Close-up of flowers.
Virginia, USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
- Sectioned flower showing
"receptacular" inferior ovary -- an infrequent type
in angiosperms. Champaign Co., Illinois, USA. Photo by Ken Robertson.
- Flower close-up. Note 5-merous
and 6-merous flowers. Photo taken May 27, 1996 in Butte Co.,
CA by Arthur H. Bazell (from Cal Photo website).
- Close-up of inflorescence.
Albany Pine Bush, New York. Photo by Carol Gracie.
Daenikera
- Daenikera corallina
Dendromyza (including
Cladomyza)
- Dendromyza acroslera
- Dendromyza ledermannii
- Dendromyza sp. cf. ledermannii
- Habit of plant. Along
road below Nanduo, between Boring and Masanko Junction, Morobe
District, Finschhafen Subdistrict, Papua New Guinea. 2668 ft
(813 m) elev. [Banka 4473]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Male plant. Hills
above Nanduo Village, along trail to Sasaniko, Morobe District,
Finschhafen Subdistrict, Papua New Guinea.3301 ft (1006 m) elev.
[Banka 4466]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Close-up of fruiting
plant. Wagau Village, edge of yam field, Morobe District,
Papua New Guinea. 3672 ft (1119 m) elev. [Banka 4483]. Photo
by D. L. Nickrent.
- Dendromyza reinwardtiana
- Dendromyza uncinata
- Dendromyza sp.
Dendrotrophe (including
Henslowia)
- Dendrotrophe varians
- Dendrotrophe sp. 1
- Shoots bearing fruits. Menyamya Highway, near Okinaiwa, Papua New Guinea. 1903 m elev. Parasitic on Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae). This is likely an unnamed species. [DLN 4498] Photo by D. L. Nickrent
- Fruit, dissected to
show the bright red mesocarp inside of leathery exocarp. The seed on
the right is without the mesocarp, exposing the hard endocarp and
attached viscin strands. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Dendrotrophe sp. 2
- Ripe fruits. Summit
of Gunung Tahan, alt. ca. 2300 m. Photo by E. Soepadmo (Nature
Malaysiana; 1978, 3:24-31).
Dufrenoya (including
Hylomyza) - no photos
Eubrachion
- Eubrachion ambiguum
Exocarpos
- Exocarpos aphyllus
- Habit.
Link goes to Australian National Botanic
Gardens Photo Collection.
- Exocarpos casuarinoides
- Exocarpos cupressiformis
- Exocarpos gaudichaudii
- Exocarpos humifusus
- Exocarpos latifolius
- Plant with immature fruit.
Queensland, Australia. [DLN 2801]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Fruit.
Link goes to Australian National Botanic
Gardens Photo Collection.
- Exocarpos luteolus
- Exocarpos menziesii
- Exocarpos neocaledonicus
- Exocarpos strictus
- Exocarpos sparteus
- Exocarpos syrticola
- Habit of the plant,
growing on the exposed, rocky coasts of Tasmania. Photo by Greg
Jordan.
Geocaulon
- Geocaulon lividum
Jodina
- Jodina rhombifolia
Kunkeliella
- Kunkeliella canariensis
- Habit of plant.
Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. Photo by Isabel Santana López,
November 2003.
- Closer view of plant
showing developing fruits. Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. Photo
by Isabel Santana López, November 2003.
- Close-up of flower.
Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. Photo by Isabel Santana López,
November 2003.
- Illustration from
Stearn, W. T. 1972 (Cuad. Bot. Canar. XVI: 11-26).
- Kunkeliella subsucculenta
- Kunkeliella retamoides
Lepidoceras
- Lepidoceras chilense
Leptomeria
- Leptomeria aphylla
- Fruiting spikes.
Grampians, Victoria, Australia. Photo from Costermans (1983).
- Leptomeria drupacea
- Flowering spikes.
Genoa R, Victoria, Australia. Photo (listed as L. acida)
from Costermans (1983).
- Flowering shoots. Tasmania.
Slide 10064 archived at Kew. Photo 1965 by T. E. Burns.
- Leptomeria lehmannii
- Female flowers.
Australia. Photo (as L. pauciflora) from Stauffer (1969,
Santalales Studien X).
- Fruits. Australia.
Photo (as L. pauciflora) from Stauffer (1969, Santalales
Studien X).
- Leptomeria pachyclada
- Flowering
branches. Australia. Link goes to Australian
National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
- Leptomeria pauciflora
Mida
- Mida salicifolia
Myoschilos
- Myoschilos oblongata
- Habit of plant. Trail
to Mt. Fitzroy, Argentina. .Photo1996 by Job Kuijt.
- Habit of plant. Arroyo
Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo
by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
- Close-up of leaves.
Close-up of leaves. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National
Park, Argentina. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
- Plant with young fruits
forming on terminal portions of the spike. The yellow structures
below the fruit are undeveloped flowers and bracts. Arroyo Blanco,
Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo taken
in November, 2002 by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
- Another view of the flowering/fruiting
plant. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park,
Argentina. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
- Fruiting plant. Arroyo
Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo
taken January 2003 by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
- Fruits forming on short
shoots arising from the stems. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel
Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
- Herbarium specimen,
Missouri Botanical Gardens (MO). Showing small leaves present
on flowering branches. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Herbarium specimen, Missouri
Botanical Gardens (MO). Showing larger leaves present on older
branches. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
Nanodea
- Nanodea muscosa
Nestronia
- Nestronia umbellula
Okoubaka
- Okoubaka aubrevillei
- Habit of the plant.
It's hard to believe that this large (up to 40 m tall) tree is
actually a root parasite in the sandalwood family! But indeed
the hemiparasitic nature of this species has been documented
(see Veenendaal et al., 1996, New Phytol. 134:487-493 and Swaine
& Hall, 1986 listed therein). Atewa Range Forest Reserves,
Ghana. Photo. 1977 by M.D. Swaine.
- Aspect of entire tree
showing abundant epiphytes. It is from this tree that haustoria
were first recorded for the species. Atewa Range Forest Reserves,
Ghana. Photo. 1977 by M.D. Swaine.
- Seed with millimeter
scale above. The dry mass of the nut (seed plus bony mesocarp) averages
43 g, the largest reported for a hemiparasitic plant. Atewa Range
Forest Reserves, Ghana. Photo 1977 by M. D. Swaine.
- Herbarium specimen, showing
inflorescence, Missouri Botanical Gardens (MO).
Omphacomeria
- Omphacomeria acerba
Osyridocarpos
- Osyridocarpos schimperianus
Osyris
- Osyris alba (including O. quadripartida; see
Stauffer 1961)
- Plant with staminate flowers.
Bonifacio, Corsica, France. From Plant
Image Gallery by Thomas Schoepke.
- Habit of staminate plant
in flower. Greece (Samos). Photo by Thomas Zumbrunn. For
more, see the Botanical
Image Database.
- Close-up of staminate
flowers. Greece (Samos). Photo by Thomas Zumbrunn. For more,
see the Botanical Image
Database.
- Staminate plant. Cadiz,
Spain. [DLN 2830] Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Carpellate plant with
fruit. Cadiz, Spain. [DLN 2830] Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Fruit. Greece (Samos).
Photo by Thomas Zumbrunn. For more, see the Botanical
Image Database.
- Habitat showing numerous
plants in winter condition (February 2004). San Agustin de Guadalix,
north of Madrid, Spain. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Fruiting plant in winter
condition. San Agustin de Guadalix, north of Madrid, Spain.
Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Closer view of fruiting
plant. San Agustin de Guadalix, north of Madrid, Spain. Photo
by D. L. Nickrent.
- Osyris lanceolata
- Close-up of stem
with male flowers. Witwatersrand Botanical Garden, South
Africa. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
- Seedling. Arrow indicates
the cotyledons inside the fruit. Plant is native to S. Africa,
here cultivated in the SIUC greenhouse, Illinois. [DLN 2830]
Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Potted plant. These
plants were grown in pots from seeds (above photo) without a host. They
flowered for several seasons and then unexpectedly died. Photo by D. L.
Nickrent.
Phacellaria
- Phacellaria sp.
- A hyperparasite on
Macrosolen. Inflorescence/infructescence. Malaysia: Pahang,
Selonger Genting Highlands. Photograph by John Dransfield, Dec.
1977. Slide no. 3961 archived at Kew.
- Close-up of infructescence.
Same as above. Photograph by John Dransfield, Dec. 1977. Slide
no. 3962 archived at Kew.
Pyrularia
- Pyrularia edulis
- Pyrularia pubera
- Habit of plant with
male inflorescence. West Virginia, USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
- Close-up of a possibly
bisexual flower. Virginia, USA. [DLN 2737]. Photo by Ken
Robertson.
- Plant with inflorescences.
From Flora of Southwest Virginia. © Craig Van Boskirk. Web
page HERE.
- Inflorescence and close-up of inflorescence, from Flora of Southwest Virginia. © Craig Van Boskirk.
- Flowers, dissected. Virginia, USA. [DLN 2737]. Photo by Ken Robertson.
- Fruits. Photo by Dan
Busemeyer, Illinois Natural History Survey.
- Fruiting branch removed.
West Virginia, USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
- Close-up showing apex
of fruit with persistent perianth. West Virginia, USA. Photo
by L. J. Musselman.
- Fruit dissected and
nut removed. South Carolina, USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
- Fruit in cross section
(left) and nut exposed (right). Photo by L. J. Musselman.
- Haustoria, connected
to host root (Abies fraseri, Fraser fir). West Virginia, USA.
Photo by L. J. Musselman.
- A Fraser fir tree parasitized
by Pyrularia in a Christmas tree plantation. West Virginia,
USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
Quinchamalium
- Quinchamalium chilense
- Habit of plant. Valle Nevado, metropolitan region (ca 2500 m). Photo 9 Jan. 2003 by Serge Aubert.
- Habit of plant. Cerro
Otto Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi Bariloche Argentina. Photo
December 2002 by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
- Inflorescences. Same
as above. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
- Close-up of inflorescence.
Same as above. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
- Quinchamalium dombeyi
- Quinchamalium majus
- View of the plants in their habitat
and close-up of the inflorescence.
From website
"Flore et végétation du Parc National Villarica"
[Flora and Vegetation of the Villarica National Park] in Chile.
- Quinchamalium procumbens
- Habit
of plant in flower. Bolivia, La Paz, Murillo. James C. Solomon
(No. 6658). Link goes to TROPICOS image
library MO.
- Habit
of plant in flower. Bolivia, La Paz, Murillo. James C. Solomon
(No. 15218). Link goes to TROPICOS image
library MO.
- Quinchamalium sp.
Rhoiacarpos
- Rhoiacarpos capensis
Santalum
Santalum
species of Hawaii. Link
goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
- Santalum acuminatum
- Fruiting
branches. Link goes to Australian National
Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
- Santalum album
- Sandalwood objects. The
aromatic wood of this species is used for many purposes, such
as these bookmarks, pens, and key chains.
- S. ellipticum
- Flowers.
Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular
Plant Families.
- S. freycinetianum var. freycinetianum
- S. freycinetianum var. pyrularium
- Flowers,
fruits.
Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular
Plant Families.
- Santalum haleakalae
- Santalum lanceolatum
- Santalum macgregorii
- Close-up of flowers.
Cultivated at the National Botanical Gardens, Lae. Original seed
collected by John Beko near Apanaipi, Gulf District, Papua New
Guinea. [DLN 4499]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Santalum murrayanum
- Fruiting
shoot. Link goes to Australian National
Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
- Santalum paniculatum
- Shoot with young inflorescence.
Foster Botanical Garden, Honolulu, Hawaii. [DLN 2830] Photo by
D. L. Nickrent.
- Flowering shoots.
North Kohala, Hawai'i, Hawai'i. [DLN 4296]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Inflorescence. North
Kohala, Hawai'i, Hawai'i. [DLN 4296]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Fruits. Mary
Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden, Captain Cook, Hawai'i. Photo
by D. L. Nickrent.
Scleropyrum
- Scleropyrum maingayai
- Scleropyrum wallichianum.
A NOTE ABOUT SCLEROPYRUM PENTANDRUM. I was informed by Boonying Tubtim, faculty of pharmacy
at Chiang Mai University in Thailand, that there are reports of
people eating this plant by mistake (thinking it is Melientha
suavis in Opiliaceae) and dying from poisoning. Any information
about the toxic substances present in this species should be relayed
to Mr. Tubtim at: Boony-ta@suthep.pharmacy.cmu.ac.th.
Jill Macklin provided information she gleaned from herbarium labels
that the flowers of S. aurantiacum are eaten in New Guinea,
so the toxic components may not be present in all species of Scleropyrum.
Spirogardnera
- Spirogardnera rubescens
- Composite photograph,
from FloraBase,
the Western Australian Flora. Left photo, by J. L. Roberts
showing close-up of the inflorescence. Top photo, by Susan J.
Patrick showing habit of plant along a roadside. Bottom photo,
by Mary Hancock, showing the plant emerging along a gravel road
following disturbance.
- Flowering branches.
Western Australia. Photo from Stauffer (1968, Santalales Studien
IX).
- Flowers. Western
Australia. Photo from Stauffer (1968, Santalales Studien IX).
- Fruits. Western
Australia. Photo from Stauffer (1968, Santalales Studien IX).
Thesidium
- Thesidium fragile
- Habitat of the plant. De Hoop National Park, South Africa. [DLN 4102]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Closer view of the plant. Same as above. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Inflorescence. Same as above. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Close-up of plant
showing squamate habit (i.e. with scale leaves), the tiny flowers
arranged in compact spikes, and a developing fruit with a white
inferior ovary and persistent orange sepals. Same as above. Photo by D.
L. Nickrent.
Thesium
- Four (of the many!) species
of Thesium from South Africa. All obtained in general
vicinity of Capetown, South Africa. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.From
left to right:
- T. strictum [DLN 4093]
- T. carinatum [DLN4 4094]
- T. spicatum [DLN 4095]
- T. nudicaule [DLN 4098]
- Thesium alpinum
- Inflorescence and
close-up of flowers.
Note that the flowers are arranged in a one-sided raceme, which
is characteristic for this species. This species normally bears
4-merous flowers, 5-petaled ones occur only occasionally. Elev.
about 1600 m, Brauneck, Bavaria, Germany. Photo taken 21st June
2005 by Andreas S. Fleischmann.
- Close-up of flowers.
Hochschwab, Austria. Photo by G. Glatzel.
- Thesium arvense (= T. ramosum)
- Shoots. A very widespread
species in Asia and Eastern Europe. Note the white, swollen fruiting
pedicels. The plant is also quite scabrid, specially on the inflorescence.
Photographed near Pambak, Sevan Lake, Armenia, by Miguel A. García.
- Thesium bavarum
- Habit of plant. Growing up to 60 cm in height, this is one of the tallest European Thesium species. Landsberg, Bavaria, altitude 580 m. Photo June 2006 by A. S. Fleischmann.
- Close-up of flowers. Landsberg, Bavaria, altitude 580 m. Photo June 2006 by A. S. Fleischmann.
- Thesium bergeri
- Flower close-up.
Fayraya. Lebanon. Photographed April 18, 2002 by L. J. Musselman.
- Thesium brachyphyllum
- Flowering shoots.
Photographed at Meghri Pass, Armenia at 2550 m. not far from
the Iranian border, by Miguel A. García.
- Thesium carinatum
- Thesium chinense
- Close-up of flower.
Y. Hada's pages, Okayama University of Science. Link
to more photos of this species HERE.
- Fruiting plant.
Photo by J.-M. Hu, May 25, 1993. Hua-Lien, Taiwan. [Hu 93-1211].
- Thesium funale
- Flowering
shoots. Link goes to Plant Web,
plants of South Africa by Peter Swart.
- Thesium humifusum
- Several photographs of flowers, fruits and pollen. From BIOIMAGES:
The Virtual Field-Guide (UK).
- Thesium lineatum
- Habit of the plant. This shrub stands out among the shorter vegetation at this site south of Southerland, South Africa. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Closer view of the shoots showing flowers and developing fruits. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Thesium nudicaule
- Thesium pyrenaicum
- Plant
in flower. Landsberg, Bavaria, Germany. Photo June 2004 by
Andreas S. Fleischmann.
- Plant
in fruit. Landsberg, Bavaria, Germany. Photo June 2004 by
Andreas S. Fleischmann.
- Thesium rostratum
- Habit of plant. Starnberg, Bavaria. Photo June 2006 by A. S. Fleischmann.
- Close-up of flowers. Starnberg, Bavaria. Photo June 2006 by A. S. Fleischmann.
- Fruits. This
species is easily recognized by its conspicious yellow, berry-like
fruits that are topped by a persistent green petals and the presence
of one (vs. three) floral bract. Starnberg, Bavaria. Photo June 2006 by
A. S. Fleischmann.
- Thesium spicatum
- Thesium strictum
- The plant is a
common shrub just over one meter in height. Kirstenbosch Botanical
Garden, Capetown, South Africa. [DLN 4093]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
- Thesium szovitsii
- Photos of flowers
and fruits. This
plant grows in subdesertic places near Yerevan and close to the
Turkish and Azerbaijan borders. It is a glaucous, erect plant
with relatively large flowers and in many cases is somewhat succulent.Photo
by Miguel A. García.
- Thesium triste
- Thesium viridifolium
Phylogeny
The position of the family within Santalales has been discussed by
Nickrent, D. L., and V. Malécot (2001), a web version of which
can be viewed HERE.
A more detailed phylogeny of "Santalaceae", including all genera
in the "family" is currently being produced (Der and Nickrent).
This phylogeny will the be used to reclassify Santalaceae into
several segregate families.
SIUC / College of Science / Parasitic Plant
Connection / Santalaceae
URL: http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/Santalaceae/index.html
Last updated: 31-Jan-07 / dln