Santalaceae R. Br., emend.

Family Description

Distribution Map

List of Genera

Photographs

Antidaphne

1. Antidaphne punctulata
   • Flowering plant parasitic on Desfontainia spinosa. Nahuelbuta Chile. January 2002. Photo by G. Amico.
   • Close-up of flowering shoot. Plant parasitic on Desfontainia spinosa. Nahuelbuta Chile. Photo by G. Glatzel.
   • Plant in fruit.  Los Lagos, Valdivia, Chile.  Photo by A. Gentry (no. 53490).  Link goes to TROPICOS.
2. Antidaphne viscoidea
   • Shoots of mistletoe with inflorescence buds. Monte Verde, Costa Rica. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Close-up of shoot with floral buds. San Ramon, Costa Rica. Photograph by Wolfgang Forsteuter, published in "World of Plants" article by Mitsuru Hirota (Weekly Asahihyakka, Jan. 22, 1995).

Colpoon

1. Colpoon compressum
   
   • Habit of plant with flowers and fruits. Goedverwag, South Africa. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • View1 and View 2 of flowering and fruiting shoots. Goedverwag, South Africa. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Close-up of flowering and fruiting shoots. Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden, Capetown, South Africa. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Habit of plant with mature fruits. Roberg Nature Reserve, South Africa. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Photos of plants by D. L. Nickrent. Link goes to PhytoImages.

Eubrachion

1. Eubrachion ambiguum
   • The mistletoe on its host tree, closer view of the mistletoe shoots, close-up of the ament-like staminate spikes. Parasitic on Pimenta (Myrtaceae). Santana Peak, Puerto Rico. [collection DLN 2699]. Photos by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Mistletoe on host branch. Southern Brazil. Photograph by Wolfgang Forsteuter, published in "World of Plants" article by Mitsuru Hirota (Weekly Asahihyakka, Jan. 22, 1995).
   • Series of photos of this species.  Link goes to Flora Digital RS, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Exocarpos

1. Exocarpos aphyllus
   • Habit. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
   • Photos. Link goes to North Queensland Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
2. Exocarpos baumanii (as Elaphanthera baumanii)
   • Photos.  A series of photos and descriptions (in French). For a Google translation of the page to English, go HERE.  Link goes to Endemia.nc.
3. Exocarpos bidwillii
   • Several photos of plant in vegetative condition. Cass Field Station, South Island, New Zealand. Photos by P. Pelser. Link goes to PhytoImages.
4. Exocarpos casuarinoides
   • Habit of plant. Mt. des Sources, New Caledonia. September 3, 1981. Photo by Job Kuijt.
   • Close-up of fruiting shoots. Mt. des Sources, New Caledonia. September 3, 1981. Photo by Job Kuijt.
5. Exocarpos clavatus
   • Photos.  A series of photos and descriptions (in French). For a Google translation of the page to English, go HERE.  Link goes to Endemia.nc.
6. Exocarpos cupressiformis
   • This parasitic plant is a fairly large tree. NSW, Australia. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Plant showing receptacular "false fruit." The Cherry Ballart. Photo from Costermans (1983).
   • Shoots with fruits. This is the only one of the five species of Exocarpos to reach tree size in Tasmania. Photo by Greg Jordan.
   • Photos. Link goes to North Queensland Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
7. Exocarpos gaudichaudii
   • Habit Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Close-up of flowers. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Plant in fruit.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
8. Exocarpos humifusus
   • Close-up showing the fruit and swollen receptacle, both red, of this alpine shrubby species. Tasmania. Photo by Greg Jordan.
9. Exocarpos latifolius
   • Plant with immature fruit. Queensland, Australia. [DLN 2801]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Photo1, Photo2 (and others). Mature fruit with expanded peduncle. Indonesia. Photo by Peter B. Phillipson.  Link goes to TROPICOS.
   • Photos. Link goes to North Queensland Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
   • Fruit. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
   • Shoots with inflorescences. Mt. Bloomfield, Southern Tagalog Region, Palawan Province, Luzon Island, Philippines. 10 12 N, 118 52 E. Photo by Leonard Co.
   • Leaves. Governor Island, Hundred Islands National Park, Pangasinan Province, Luzon Island, Philippines. 16.2166 N, 120.0500 E. Photo by Leonard Co.
10. Exocarpos luteolus
    • Habit of the plant, fruits. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
    • Plant in fruit.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
11. Exocarpos menziesii
    • Habit of plant. South Kona District, Hawai'i, Hawai'i. [DLN 4297]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Close-up of inflorescence. Same as above. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Two pictures of fruits and two of plant habit. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
12. Exocarpos nanus
    
    • Photos.  Mat plants growing on a rock outcrop near lake Ada, Central Highlands, Tasmania. Photos 15 March 2008 by Nuytsia@Tas. Link goes to Flickr.
13. Exocarpos neocaledonicus
    
    • Habit of plant.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
    • Photos.  A series of photos and descriptions (in French). For a Google translation of the page to English, go HERE.  Link goes to Endemia.nc.
14. Exocarpos pseudocasuarina
    
    • Photos.  A series of photos and descriptions (in French). For a Google translation of the page to English, go HERE.  Link goes to Endemia.nc.
15. Exocarpos strictus
    • Fruiting branches. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
    • Flowering branch. Shrub of the dry forests of Tasmania. Photo by Greg Jordan (see also Key to Tasmanian Dicots).
    • Fruiting branch. Tasmania. Photo by Greg Jordan.
    • Photos. Tasmania. Photos by Nuytsia@Tas. Link goes to Flickr.
16. Exocarpos sparteus
    • Photos of plant habit and shoots. Near Tailem Bend, Southern Australia. Link goes to TROPICOS.
    • Photos. Link goes to North Queensland Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
17. Exocarpos syrticola
    • Habit of the plant, growing on the exposed, rocky coasts of Tasmania. Photo by Greg Jordan.
    • Photos. Link goes to North Queensland Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.

Lepidoceras

1. Lepidoceras chilense
   • Male plant in full flower. Nahuelbuta Chile. Photo by G. Glatzel.
   • Close-up of male flowers and young inflorescence buds still enclosed by bracts. Nahuelbuta Chile. Photo by G. Glatzel.
   • Haustorial attachment to host. Puyehue, Chile. Photo by Delbert Wiens.
   • Haustorial connection to host. Nahuelbuta Chile. Photo by G. Glatzel.
   • Habit of plant in fruit. Osorno, Chile. February 2003. Photo by Guillermo Amico.
   • Close-up of fruiting stem. Note the sclerotic "nail" at the apex of the leaves. Puyehue, Chile. Photo by Delbert Wiens.
   • Shoots with male inflorescences.  Valdivia Province, Los Rios Region. Photo Aug. 27, 2009 by Inao Vásquez. Link goes to Flickr.
   • Habit of plant and close-up of leaves. Parasitic on Laurelia sempervirens. Voucher: J. Solomon no. 4574 (given as L. kingii). Link goes to TROPICOS.

Myoschilos

1. Myoschilos oblongata
   • Habit of plant. Trail to Mt. Fitzroy, Argentina. .Photo1996 by Job Kuijt.
   • Habit of plant. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Close-up of leaves. Close-up of leaves. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Flowering shoot.  Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo by Romina Vidal-Russell.
   • Plant with young fruits forming on terminal portions of the spike. The yellow structures below the fruit are undeveloped flowers and bracts. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo taken in November, 2002 by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Another view of the flowering/fruiting plant. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Fruiting plant. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo taken January 2003 by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Fruits forming on short shoots arising from the stems. Arroyo Blanco, Bariloche, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Photo by Norlan Tercero Bucardo.
   • Herbarium specimen, Missouri Botanical Gardens (MO). Showing small leaves present on flowering branches. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Herbarium specimen, Missouri Botanical Gardens (MO). Showing larger leaves present on older branches. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Photos. Patagonian Argentina and Chile (region 12). Photo by S. Aubert and R. Douzet (Station Alpine Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France). Link goes to Flickr.

Nestronia

1. Nestronia umbellula
   • Habit of plant. Banister River, Virginia, USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
   • Plant with male flowers. Banister River, Virginia, USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
   • Staminate flowers, some in section. [DLN 2736]. Virginia, USA. Photo by K. Robertson.
   • Staminate flower, 3-merous. [DLN 2736]. Virginia, USA. Photo by K. Robertson.
   • Staminate flowers, some 4-merous. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
   • Fruit. Banister River, Virginia, USA. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
   • Excellent photos by Will Cook of the species. Some from the Duke University campus population (male plants only) and others from a Stanley County NC population.

Omphacomeria

1. Omphacomeria acerba
   • Herbarium specimen, Missouri Botanical Gardens (MO).
   • Flowering branches. Australia. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
   • Photos. Excellent photo of flowering shoots. Yarrangobilly Caves area, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales. Photo 25 Nov. 2008 by Tony from Sydney. Link goes to Flickr.

Osyris

1. Osyris alba (including O. quadripartida; see Stauffer 1961)
   • Plant with staminate flowers. Bonifacio, Corsica, France. From Plant Image Gallery by Thomas Schoepke.
   • Habit of staminate plant in flower. Greece (Samos). Photo by Thomas Zumbrunn. For more, see the Botanical Image Database.
   • Close-up of staminate flowers. Greece (Samos). Photo by Thomas Zumbrunn. For more, see the Botanical Image Database.
   • Staminate plant. Cadiz, Spain. [DLN 2830] Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Carpellate plant with fruit. Cadiz, Spain. [DLN 2830] Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Fruit. Greece (Samos). Photo by Thomas Zumbrunn. For more, see the Botanical Image Database.
   • Habitat showing numerous plants in winter condition (February 2004). San Agustin de Guadalix, north of Madrid, Spain. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Fruiting plant in winter condition. San Agustin de Guadalix, north of Madrid, Spain. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Closer view of fruiting plant. San Agustin de Guadalix, north of Madrid, Spain. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Line drawing.  Link goes to TROPICOS.
2. Osyris lanceolata
   • Close-up of stem with male flowers. Witwatersrand Botanical Garden, South Africa. Photo by L. J. Musselman.
   • Seedling. Arrow indicates the cotyledons inside the fruit. Plant is native to S. Africa, here cultivated in the SIUC greenhouse, Illinois. [DLN 2830] Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Potted plant. These plants were grown in pots from seeds (above photo) without a host. They flowered for several seasons and then unexpectedly died. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
3. Osyris wightiana
   • Photos.  Yunnan, China. Photo by Yu Shengxiang. Link goes to PlantPhotoBank.cn.

Rhoiacarpos

1. Rhoiacarpos capensis
   • Fruiting shoots. Near Grahamstown, South Africa. [DLN 4117]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Flowering and fruiting shoots. Same as above. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
   • Closer view of flowering and fruiting shoots. Same as above. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.

Santalum

Santalum species of Hawaii. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.

1. Santalum acuminatum
   
   • Habit of plant.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
   • Close-up of fruiting branches.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
   • Fruiting branches. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
   • Photos. Ripe fruit of the edible quandong intact and cut open. West Wyalong, New South Wales, Australia. Photos by Anthony Overs. Link goes to Flickr.
   • Photos. Link goes to North Queensland Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
2. Santalum album
   • Sandalwood objects. The aromatic wood of this species is used for many purposes, such as these bookmarks, pens, and key chains.
   • Photos. Habit, flowers and fruits. Photos by Mingiweng. Link goes to Flickr.
   • Photos.  Planted, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, China. Photo by C. Jian Zhou. Link goes to PlantPhotoBank.cn.
   • Line drawing.  With S. papuanum.  Link goes to TROPICOS.
     
3. Santalum austrocaledonicum var. minutum
   
   • Photos.  A series of photos and descriptions (in French). For a Google translation of the page to English, go HERE.  Link goes to Endemia.nc.
4. Santalum ellipticum
   • Flowers. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Photo.  Polynesia.   Link goes to Die Pflanzenwelt Polynesiens.
5. Santalum freycinetianum var. freycinetianum
   • Habit. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Close-up of flowers (beautiful!). Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Flowering shoots.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
6. Santalum freycinetianum var. pyrularium
   • Flowers, fruits. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Photos.  Polynesia.   Link goes to Die Pflanzenwelt Polynesiens.
7. Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense
   
   • Photos.  Polynesia.   Link goes to Die Pflanzenwelt Polynesiens.
8. Santalum haleakalae
   • Habit. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Flowers. Link goes to University of Hawaii Vascular Plant Families.
   • Flowering shoots.  Photo by R. A. Howard (see Plant Image Collection, Smithsonian Inst.)
9. Santalum insulare
   
   • A series of photos of the 8 different varieties.  Polynesia.   Link goes to Die Pflanzenwelt Polynesiens.
10. Santalum lanceolatum
    • Flowering & fruiting shoots. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
    • Photos. Link goes to North Queensland Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.
11. Santalum macgregorii
    • Close-up of flowers. Cultivated at the National Botanical Gardens, Lae. Original seed collected by John Beko near Apanaipi, Gulf District, Papua New Guinea. [DLN 4499]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
12. Santalum murrayanum
    • Fruiting shoot. Link goes to Australian National Botanic Gardens Photo Collection.
13. Santalum paniculatum
    • Shoot with young inflorescence. Foster Botanical Garden, Honolulu, Hawaii. [DLN 2830] Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Flowering shoots. North Kohala, Hawai'i, Hawai'i. [DLN 4296]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Inflorescence. North Kohala, Hawai'i, Hawai'i. [DLN 4296]. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Fruits. Mary Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden, Captain Cook, Hawai'i. Photo by D. L. Nickrent.
    • Photo of variety pilgeri.  Polynesia.   Link goes to Die Pflanzenwelt Polynesiens.
14. Santalum spicatum
    • Photos. Link goes to North Queensland Plants by Roger Fryer and Jill Newland.

Classifications, past and present

Phylogeny

References