Parasitic Plant Genera

The highlighted family names link to the main index page for each family. These pages contain descriptions, distribution maps, photographs, references, etc.

Laurales Perleb

Lauraceae A. L. de Jussieu

  1. Cassytha L. 16 species of Old and New World tropics.

Piperales

Hydnoraceae C. A. Agardh.

1. Hydnora Thunb. 12-15 species, tropical and S. Africa, Madagasgar.
2. Prosopanche Bary. 3 species of Argentina, Paraguay, Costa Rica.

Santalales Dumort

Past and current concepts on phylogenetic relationships of Santalales s. s.

Olacaceae s. lat. Mirbel ex A. P. de Candolle. 

Molecular phylogenetic work by Malécot and Nickrent (2008) provided data supporting the existence of several clades in what is traditionally called "Olacaceae".  The following list of genera is arranged according to these clades with family names that have previously been applied. The genus Schoepfia has been moved to Schoepfiaceae.

Erythropalaceae Planch ex Miquel (1856)

Subfam. Erythropaloideae Hasskal (1848)

1. Erythropalum Blume. 1 species, E. scandens Blume, in Indomalaysia.
2. Heisteria Jacq. 30 species of tropical America, three species in Africa.
3. Maburea Maas. 1 species M. trinervis of Guyana.

Subfam. Strombosioideae Malécot & Nickrent (2006, 2008)

4. Diogoa Exell & Mendonça. 1 species, D. zenkeri Engl. of tropical Africa.
5. Engomegoma Breteler. 1 species of Gabon.
6. Scorodocarpus Becc. 1 species, S. borneensis (Baillon) Becc., in Malaysia.
7. Strombosia Blume. Approximately 9 species in Old World tropics, 3 in tropical Asia, 6 in tropical Africa.
8. Strombosiopsis Engl. 3 species of tropical Africa.
9. Tetrastylidium Engl. 2 species of South America.

Ximeniaceae Horan (1834)

1. Curupira Black. 1 species, C. tefeenis Black, of amazonian Brazil.
2. Douradoa Sleumer. 1 species, D. consimilis Sleumer, of Brazil (Amapa, Para).
3. Malania Chun & Lee. 1 species, M. oleifera Chun & Lee, of W. Kwangsi & E. Yunnan provinces of China.
4. Ximenia L. 9 species in Old and New World tropics.

Coulaceae Tiegh. (1897)

1. Coula Baillon. 1 species, C. edulis Baillon, of tropical W. Africa.
2. Minquartia Aublet. 1 species, M. guianensis Aubl., of tropical America.
3. Ochanostachys Masters. 1 species, O. amentacea Masters, in W. Malaysia.

Aptandraceae Miers (1853)

1. Anacolosa (Blume) Blume. 16 species in the Old World tropics.
2. Aptandra Miers. 4 species of tropical America and Africa.
3. Cathedra Miers. 5 species of Brazil.
4. Chaunochiton Benth. 3 species, tropical America.
5. Harmandia Baillon. 1 species, H. mekongensis Pierre ex Baillon, in SE Asia and Malaysia.
6. Ongokea Pierre. 1 species, O. gore (Hua) Pierre in tropical W. Africa.
7. Phanerodiscus Cavaco. 3 species, Madagascar.

Octoknemaceae Soler (1908)

1. Octoknema Pierre. 6-7 species in tropical Africa.

Olacaceae s. str. R. Brown (1818)

1. Dulacia Sleumer [= Liriosma]. 13 species of South America.
2. Olax L. 40 species in Old World tropics and S. Africa.
3. Ptychopetalum Benth. 2 species in tropical S. America, two species in tropical W and Central Africa.

 Not Olacaceae

Brachynema Bentham. 1 species, B. ramiflorum Benth., of Brazil. Within Ericales?

Worchesterianthus Merrill in Philipp. 1 species, W. magallanensis (Elm.) Merrill of the Philippines. = Microdesmis (Pandaceae) (cf. Van Steenis 1955)

Schoepfiaceae Tiegh.

Molecular data (Nickrent 1996, 1998, Vidal-Russel and Nickrent 2008) all indicate that these genera are related to one another and distinct from Olacaceae and Santalaceae.

  1. Arjona Cav. 10 species of tropical & temperate S. America.
  2. Quinchamalium Molina. 15-25 species of Andean S. America.
  3. SchoepfiaSchreber. Approximately 25 species in tropical America, Africa, Asia.

Misodendraceae J. Agardh (= Myzodendraceae)

1. Misodendrum Banks ex DC. 8-10 species of S. America, mainly south of 33 degrees.

Loranthaceae Juss.

Molecular phylogenetic work by Vidal-Russell and Nickrent (2008) provided evidence for several clades within Loranthaceae.  The classification of the family by Danser (1933), later modified by Barlow and Wiens (1971, 1973) is shown below, modified according to molecular data.  These modifications involved moving some genera and thus changing tribal circumscriptions. Base chromosome numbers for the tribes and subtribes are given. For more convenient reference, the large Subtribe Loranthinae is informally divided into two regions: Australasia and Africa. Only the genus Taxillus spans both regions.

Tribe Nuytsieae (X = 12)
  1. Nuytsia R. Brown ex G. Don f. 1 species, N. floribunda (Labill.) R. Br. ex G. Don f., of W. Australia.
Tribe Elytrantheae (X = 12)

Subtribe Gaiadendrinae (X = 12)
  1. Atkinsonia F. Muell. 1 species, A. ligustrina F. Muell., of the Blue Mts., SE Australia.
  2. Gaiadendron G. Don. 1 species, G. punctatum (R. & P.) G. Don., of the N. Andes to Costa Rica.
Subtribe Elytranthinae (X = 12)
  1. Alepis Tiegh. 1 species, A. flavida Hook. f) Tiegh., of N. Zealand.
  2. Amylotheca Tiegh. 4 species of E Australia, New Guinea, Melanesia.
  3. Cyne Danser. 6 species of the Philippines, Moluccas and New Guinea. Includes Tetradyas Danser. (T. perfoliata Dans.) of New Guinea.
  4. Decaisnina Tiegh. 25 species of Malesia, Philippines to tropical Australia and Tahiti.
  5. Elytranthe Blume. 10 species of SE Asia, Malaysia.
  6. Lampas Danser. 1 species, L. elmeri Danser, of N. Borneo.
  7. Lepeostegeres Blume. 9 species of Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines east to New Guinea.
  8. Lepidaria Tiegh. 12 species of W. Malaysia.
  9. Loxanthera Blume 1 species, L. speciosa Blume, of Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
  10. Lysiana Tiegh. 6 species from Australia.
  11. Macrosolen (Blume) Reichb. 25 species of Sri Lanka to SE Asia to New Guinea.
  12. Notanthera (DC) G. Don. f. 1 species, N. heterophylla (R. & P) G. Don, of temperate S. America.
  13. Peraxilla Tiegh. 2 species of N. Zealand.
  14. Trilepidea Tiegh. 1 species, T. adamsii (Cheesm.) Tiegh., of New Zealand (extinct).
  15. Tristerix Mart. 11 species of S. temperate and high Andean S. America.
  16. Tupeia Cham. & Schlechtd. 1 species, T. antarctica (Forst. f) Chamb. & Schlecht., of New Zealand.
Tribe unnamed (X = 11)
  1. Ileostylus Tiegh. 1 species, I. micranthus (Hook. f.) Tiegh., of N. Zealand.
  2. Muellerina Tiegh. 4 species endemic to E. Australia.
Tribe Lorantheae (X = 8, 9)

Subtribe Psittacanthinae (X = 8)
  1. Aetanthus (Eichl.) Engl. Approx. 10 species of the northern Andes.
  2. Cladocolea Tiegh. 25 species of the New World tropics.
  3. Dendropemon (Blume) Reichb. Approx. 25 species of the New World tropics, Caribbean.
  4. Desmaria Tiegh. 1 species, D. mutabilis (Poepp. & Endl.) Tiegh. ex Jacks, of S. Chile.
  5. Ixocactus Rizzini. 3 species of S. America.
  6. Ligaria Tiegh. 2 species of arid and subtemperate S. America.
  7. Oryctanthus Eichl. 10 species of tropical America.
  8. Oryctina Tiegh. (including Maracanthus). 6 species of Western Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil.
  9. Panamanthus Kuijt. 1 species [P. panamensis (Rizz.) Kuijt] of Panama.
  10. Phthirusa Mart. 60 species of tropical America, Caribbean.
  11. Psittacanthus Mart. ca. 50 species of Mexico, Honduras, South America.
  12. Struthanthus Mart. ca. 50 species of tropical America.
  13. Tripodanthus (Eichl.) Tiegh. 2 species of sub-temperate and high Andean S. America.
Subtribe Loranthinae (X = 9)
Australasian Members
  1. Amyema Tiegh. Approx. 100 species of the Malay penninsula, Australia, W. Pacific.
  2. Barathranthus (Korth.) Miq. 3 species of Sri Lanka and Malaysia.
  3. Benthamina Tiegh. 1 species endemic to Australia.
  4. Cecarria Barlow. 1 species, C. obtusifolia (Merr.) Barlow of New Guinea, Philippines, New Britain, Solomon Islands.
  5. Dactyliophora Tiegh. 3 species of Papuasia, N. Queensland Australia.
  6. Dendrophthoe Mart. 30 species from tropical Africa to Australia with its center of diversity in W. Malesia.
  7. Diplatia Tiegh. 3 species of tropical Australia.
  8. Distrianthes Danser. 1 species, D. moliflora (Krause) Dans., of New Guinea.
  9. Emelianthe Danser. 1 species (E. panganensis (Engl.) Dans) of E and NE Africa.
  10.  Helicanthes Danser. 1 species, H. elasticus (Desr.) Dans., of India.
  11.  Helixanthera Lour. 50 species of tropical Africa to Sulawesi.
  12. Loranthus Jacq. 2 species of Europe, Asia, Nepal, India (Assam), Burma and S. China to Indochina, Taiwan, Sumatra.
  13. Papuanthes Danser. 1 species, P. albertisii Dans., of New Guinea.
  14. Scurrula L. 50 species of SE Asia and Malaysia.
  15. Sogerianthe Danser. 4 species of E. New Guinea to the Solomon Islands.
  16. Taxillus Tiegh. ca. 35 species of tropical Asia (India and Sri Lanka to China, Japan, Philippines, Borneo) and Africa (Kenya coast).
  17. Thaumasianthes Danser. 2 species Philippines.
  18. Tolypanthus Blume. 4 species India to SE China.
  19. Trithecanthera Tiegh. 4 species W. Malaysia (including Kingella scortenchinii).
African Members
  1. Actinanthella Balle. 2 species of SE and S Africa.
  2. Agelanthus Tiegh. 59 species of Africa and the Arabian peninsula.
  3. Bakerella Tiegh. 16 species of Madagascar.
  4. Berhautia Balle. 1 species, B. senegalensis Balle of Senegal and Gambia.
  5. Englerina Tiegh. 25 species in tropical Africa.
  6. Erianthemum Tiegh. 16 species of eastern and southern Africa.
  7. Globimetula Tiegh. 13 species of tropical Africa.
  8. Moquiniella Balle. 1 species, M. rubra (Spreng. f.) Balle, of Namibia and Cape Prov. of S. Africa.
  9. Oedina Tiegh. 4 species of eastern Africa.
  10. Oliverella Tiegh. 3 species of E and S central Africa.
  11. Oncella Tiegh. 4 species of eastern Africa.
  12. Oncocalyx Tiegh. (including Tieghemia) 13 species of eastern and southern Africa to Arabia.
  13. Pedistylis Wiens. 1 species, P. galpinii (Schinz ex Sprague) Wiens, of S. Africa.
  14. Phragmanthera Tiegh. 34 species of tropical Africa and Arabia.
  15. Plicosepalus Tiegh. 12 species of Middle East and Arabia, down eastern Africa to Angola and S. Africa.
  16. Septulina Tiegh. 2 species of S. Africa.
  17. Socratina S. Balle. 2 species of Madagasgar.
  18. Spragueanella Balle. 2 species in E and S central Africa.
  19. Tapinanthus (Blume) Reichb. 30 species of tropical and southern Africa.
  20. Vanwykia Wiens. 2 species of E and SE Africa.

Opiliaceae Valeton

  1. Agonandra Miers ex Benth. 10 species of Mexico, Central and tropical S. America.
  2. Anthobolus R. Brown. 3 species of Australia.
  3. Cansjera Juss. 3 species of India and Ceylon to S. China, New Guinea and N. Australia.
  4. Champereia Griffith. 1 variable species, C. manillana (Blume) Merr., of Andamans, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan; in Malesia widely distributed from Sumatra to W. New Guinea.
  5. Gjellerupia Lauterb. 1 species, G. papuana Laut., of New Guinea.
  6. Lepionurus Blume. 1 species, L. sylvestris Blume, from Nepal and Assam to western Malesia.
  7. Melientha Pierre. 1 species, M. suavis Pierre, of SE Asia to the Philippines.
  8. Opilia Roxb. 3 species of Africa, Asia, Indonesia, Australia.
  9. Pentarhopalopilia Hiepko. 4 species of Africa and Madagascar.
  10. Rhopalopilia Pierre. 3 species of tropical Africa.
  11. Urobotrya Stapf. Approx. 5 species of Africa and SE Asia.

Santalaceae R. Brown (including Eremolepidaceae Tiegh.)

Molecular phylogenetic work by Der and Nickrent (2008) highlighted the existence of several clades in what is traditionally called "Santalaceae".  The following list of genera is arranged according to these clades. The genus Anthobolus has been moved to Opiliaceae and Arjona and Quinchamalium to Schoepfiaceae.

Comandra Clade
  1. Comandra Nutt. 1 species, C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. of North America, Europe and the Mediterranean. 
  2. Geocaulon Fern. 1 species: G. lividum (Rich.) Fern. of Alaska and Canada.

Thesium Clade

  1. Buckleya Torrey. 4 species, E. U.S. and E. Asia.
  2. Kunkeliella Stearn. 4 species, Canary Islands.
  3. Osyridocarpus A. DC. 1 species: O. schimperianus (Hochst.) A. DC of Africa.
  4. Thesidium Sond. 8 species of S. Africa.
  5. Thesium L. [includes Austroamericium Hendrych and Chrysothesium Hendrych]. 300 species in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, S. America. Two species introduced into North America (Musselman and Haynes, 1996).

Cervantesia Clade

  1. Acanthosyris (Eichl.) Griseb. 3 species from temperate S. America.
  2. Cervantesia Ruiz & Pavon. 4 species of Andean S. America.
  3. Jodina Hook. & Arn. ex Meissner. 1 species of S. Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina.
  4. Okoubaka Pellegrin & Normand. 2 species of tropical Africa.
  5. Pilgerina Rogers, Nickrent, & Malécot. 1 species of Madagascar.
  6. Pyrularia Michx. 1 species of SE US, two of China, Himalayas.
  7. Scleropyrum Arnott. [includes Scleromelum K.Schum. & Lauterb.] 6 species of Malesia, New Guinea, S.E. Asia, India.
  8. Staufferia Rogers, Nickrent, & Malécot. 1 species of Madagascar.

Nanodea Clade

  1. Mida Cunn. ex Endl. 1 species, M. salicifolia A. Cunn. disjunct from N. Zealand to Juan Fernandez Islands.
  2. Nanodea Banks ex Gaertner f. 1 species: N. muscosa Gaertn. f. of temperate S. America (Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands).

Santalum Clade

  1. Antidaphne Poeppig & Endlicher. 7 species S. America, Caribbean, Mexico.
  2. Colpoon P. Bergius [including Fusanus L.]. 2 species (C. compressum Berg. and C. speciosum (A.W. Hill) P. A. Bean) of S. Africa.
  3. Eubrachion Hooker f. 2 species from Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela.
  4. Exocarpos Labill. [including Elaphanthera N.Halle] 26 species of SE Asia, Malaysia to Hawaii.
  5. Lepidoceras Hooker f. 2 species from Chile.
  6. Myoschilos Ruiz & Pav. 1 species, Argentina and Chile.
  7. Nestronia Raf. [= Darbya A.Gray] 1 species, N. umbellula Raf. of E. U.S.
  8. Omphacomeria (Endl.) A. DC. 1 species: O. acerba (R. Br.) A. DC of SE Australia.
  9. Osyris L. 2 species of Europe, Mediterranean, Africa to India.
  10. Rhoiacarpos A. DC. 1 species:R. capensis (Harv.) A. DC. of S. Africa.
  11. Santalum L. [including Eucarya T.L.Mitch, Fusanus R.Br. ] ca. 20 species from Indomalaya to Australia, Hawaii.

Amphorogyne Clade

  1. Amphorogyne Stauffer & Hürlimann. 3 species of New Caledonia.
  2. Choretrum R. Brown. 6 species in Australia.
  3. Daenikera Hürl & Stauffer. 1 species: D. corallina Hürlimann of New Caledonia.
  4. Dendromyza Danser (including Cladomyza Danser). 21 species of SE Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea.
  5. Dendrotrophe Miq. [incuding Henslowia Blume]. 4 species from Himalayas to the Philippines and Malaysia, Indonesia.
  6. Dufrenoya Chatin. 11 species of Indonesia and Malaysia.
  7. Leptomeria R. Brown. 17 species of Australia.
  8. Phacellaria Benth. 4 species of E. India to S. China.
  9. Spirogardnera George. 1 species, S. rubescens Stauffer, endemic to S.W. Western Australia.

Viscaceae Miers

  1. Arceuthobium M. Bieb. 46 species, North and Central America, Asia, Africa.
  2. Dendrophthora Eichl. 68 species, Caribbean, Mexico, S. America.
  3. Ginalloa Korth. 5 species of Indomalysia.
  4. Korthalsella Tiegh. 30 (or less) species of the N tropics, Africa, Madagascar, Mascarenes, Himalayas to Japan, Australia, N. Zealand (oceanic distribution).
  5. Notothixos Oliv. 8 species from Sri Lanka to SE Asia, Australia.
  6. Phoradendron Nutt. ca. 150 species of the New World tropics.
  7. Viscum L. ca. 150 species of temperate and tropical Old World.

Balanophoraceae L. C. Richard & A. Richard

Treated in its own order, Balanophorales Dumort. by Takhtajan (1997) who then recognized the following segregate families: Dactylanthaceae Takhtajan, Helosidaceae Bromhead, Langsdorffiaceae van Tieghem, Lophophytaceae Horaninow, Mystropetalaceae Hooker, Sarcophytaceae A. Kerner, Scybaliaceae A. Kerner. Only recent evidence (Nickrent et al. 2005) suggests a relationship between this family and Santalales.

1. Balanophora Forster & G. Forster 15 species in Old World tropics.
2. Chlamydophytum Mildbr. 1 species, C. aphyllum Mildbr. of tropical Africa.
3. Corynaea Hook f. 1 - 2 species of tropical American montane forests.
4. Dactylanthus Hook f. 1 species, D. taylori Hook. f. of New Zealand.
5. Ditepalanthus Fagerl. 1 species, D. afzelii Fagerlind, of Madagascar.
6. Exorhopala Steenis. 1 species, E. ruficeps (Ridl.) Steen. of Malay Peninsula.
7. Hachettea Baillon. 1 species, H. autro-caledonica Baill. of New Caledonia.
8. Helosis Rich. 1 species, H. cayennensis (Swartz) Spreng. of tropical America.
9. Langsdorffia C. Martius. 3 species of Madagascar, New Guinea, tropical America.
10. Lathrophytum Eichler. 1 species, L. peckolti Eichl., of Brazil (nr. Rio de Janero).
11. Lophophytum Schott & Endl. 3 species in warm S. America.
12. Mystropetalon Harvey. 2 species of SW Cape area, S. Africa.
13. Ombrophytum Poeppig ex Endl. 4 species of warm S. America, Galápagos.
14. Rhopalocnemis Junghuhn. 1 species, R.. phalloides Jungh. of Indomalaysia.
15. Sarcophyte Sparrman. 2 species of tropical and SE Africa.
16. Scybalium Schott. & Endl. 4 species of tropical America.
17. Thonningia Vahl. 1 species, T. sanguinea Vahl. of tropical Africa.

Saxifragales

Cynomoriaceae Lindley

1. Cynomorium L. 2 species of Europe, Mediterranean and Central Asia.

Krameriaceae Dumort. or Zygophyllaceae R. Br.

The APG2 classification considered Krameriaceae as an acceptable, monophyletic alternative to Zygophyllaceae. This "family" is unresolved at the base of the eurosid I clade.

Krameriaceae Dumortier

1. Krameria L. 18 species from S and W U.S. to Argentina and Chile.

Malpighiales C. Martius

Rafflesiaceae Dumortier

1. Rafflesia R.Brown. Approx. 15 species of W. Malaysia.
2. Rhizanthes Dumort. 2 species of W. Malaysia.
3. Sapria Griffith. 2 species from Assam to SE Asia (Thailand).

Malvales Dumort.

Cytinaceae (Brogniart) A. Rich.

1. Bdallophyton Eichler. 1- 4 species in Mexico, Central America.
2. Cytinus L. 6-7 species of Europe, Asia, Mediterranean, S. Africa, Madagascar.

Apodanthaceae (R. Brown) Van Tieghem ex Takhtajan

  1. Apodanthes Poit. 7 species in tropical S. America.
  2. Pilostyles Guillemin. Approx. 14 species of U.S., Mexico, Central America, and S. America, SW Australia, tropical Africa.
  3. Berlinanche (Harms) Vatt. 2 species of tropical east Africa (B. aethiopica (Welw.) Vatt. and B. holtzii (Engl.) Vatt.

Ericales Dumort.

Mitrastemonaceae Makino (=Mitrastemmataceae)

  1. Mitrastema. 2 species (disjunct), Borneo/Sumatra, Indochina, Japan and Mexico, Central America.

Lennoaceae Solms-Laubach or Boraginaceae Juss.

At base of Euasterid I clade in APG II and included in Boraginaceae. Until details of the relationships between Boraginaceae, Lennoaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Ehretiaceae, etc. are worked out, I will leave this family of parasitic plants intact.

Lennoaceae Solms-Laubach

1. Lennoa Llave & Lex. 2 species of C. Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela.
2. Pholisma Nutt. ex Hook. (including Ammobroma Torrey). 3 species of S. California and Baja California.

Solanales Dumort

Convolvulaceae Dumortier

1. Cuscuta L. Ca. 145 species, cosmopolitan in distribution.

Lamiales Bromhead

Orobanchaceae Vent.

This list was compiled by first downloading the genera of Scrophulariaceae from the Kew "Vascular Plant Families and Genera" website. Those taxa known (or suspected) to be parasitic were identified by Kim Steiner. Many thanks Kim! Also, James A. Wood (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew), Anne Ronse (Nat. Bot. Garden, Belgium), and Kerry Barringer (Brooklyn Botanic Garden) helped identify some additional parasites from a longer list of uncertain taxa previously posted on the web. Information on the numbers of species and distributions came mainly from Mabberley (1997, The Plant-book, Cambridge University Press). If you have additional information relating to the parasitic nature of the genera listed below, please let me (Dan Nickrent) know and I will make the update.

The list contains 90 genera (ca. 2062 species) of parasitic plants traditionally classified as hemiparasitic Scrophulariaceae (tribes Buchnereae and Rhinantheae) and Orobanchaceae. 31 of these genera are monospecific, and with further work, some may be found to be components of other genera. 16 genera (ca. 260 species) are holoparasites (marked with an asterisk) and the remainder hemiparasites. This classification follows molecular phylogenetic evidence (e.g. Olmstead et al. 2001, Amer. J. Bot. 88: 348-361 and Oxelman et al. 2005 Taxon 54:411-425).

  1. *Aeginetia L. 3 species of Indomalaysia.
  2. Agalinis Raf. (including Anisantherina Pennell ). 40 species of tropical and temperate America.
  3. Alectra Thunb. (including Pseudorobanche Rouy. ). 40 species of Africa and Asia.
  4. Ancistrostylis T.Yamaz. 1 species of Laos.
  5. Asepalum Marais. 1 species of NE and E Africa.
  6. Aureolaria Raf. 11 species of E. U.S. and Mexico.
  7. Bartsia L. 60 species of north temperate regions, tropical mountains.
  8. Bellardia All.  1 species of the Mediterranean region, also introduced to the United States (CA, TX).
  9. *Boschniakia C. Meyer ex Bong. 4 species of Himalayas to Taiwan, Japan, Arctic Asia, Alaska, Canada. [includes Kopsiopsis (Beck) Beck and Xylanche Beck.].
  10. Brandisia Hook. f. and Thompson. 13 species of Myanmar and China.
  11. Buchnera L. ca. 100 species of warm, temperate regions (16 in New World).
  12. Bungea C.A.Mey. 2 species, SW and central Asia, China.
  13. Buttonia Benth. 3 species of tropical and southern Africa.
  14. Castilleja Mutis ex L. f. ca. 200 species of North and Central America, Andean S. America, and Eurasia.
  15. Centranthera R.Br. (including Razumovia Spreng. ). 9 species of China to Australia.
  16. *Christisonia Gardner (including Campbellia Wight). 17 species of SW China, SE Asia, Indomalaysia.
  17. *Cistanche Hoffsgg. & Link. 16 species of Mediterranean, N. Africa to W. China.
  18. Clevelandia Greene (formerly Orthocarpus). 1 species [C. beldingii (Greene) Greene] of Baja California.
  19. *Conopholis Wallroth. 2 species of North and Central America.
  20. Cordylanthus Nutt. ex Benth. (including Adenostegia Benth.). 18 species of western North America.
  21. Cycnium E. Meyer ex Benth. (including Cycniopsis Engl.) 15 of warm Africa.
  22. Cymbaria L. 4 species of Europe and Central and Eastern Asia.
  23. Dasistoma Raf. 1 species of E. North America (D. macrophylla Raf.).
  24. *Epifagus Nutt. 1 species of E. North America.
  25. Escobedia Ruiz & Pav. 6 species of tropical America.
  26. Esterhazya J.C.Mikan. 5 species of Bolivia and Brazil.
  27. Euphrasia L. Ca. 170 species (with many microspecies) of Eurasia.
  28. Gerardiina Engl. 2 species of tropical and South Africa.
  29. Ghikaea Volkens & Schweinf. 1 species of tropical Africa
  30. *Gleadovia Gamble & Prain. 6 species of W. Himalayas and W. China.
  31. Graderia Benth. (including Bopusia C.Presl.). 5 species of Africa and Socotra.
  32. *Harveya Hook. 40 species of tropical and S. Africa, Mascarenes.
  33. Hedbergia Molau (related to Bartsia). 1 species of tropical Africa [H. abyssinica (Benth.) Molau]
  34. *Hyobanche L. 7 species of S. Africa.
  35. Lamourouxia Kunth. 28 spp. Mexico to Peru.
  36. *Lathraea L. 7 species of Eurasia.
  37. Leptorhabdos Schrenk. 1 species from Caucasus and Iran to central Asia and Himalaya.
  38. Leucosalpa Scott-Elliot. 3 species of Madagascar.
  39. Lindenbergia Lehm. 15 spp. Himalays to tropical Asia and Africa. Nonparasitic but basal to Orobanchaceae.
  40. Macranthera Nutt. ex Benth. 1 species [M. flammea (Bartr.) Pennell] of the southeastern U.S.
  41. Magdalenaea Brade. 1 species of southeastern Brazil.
  42. *Mannagettaea H. Sm. 3 species of W. China to E. Siberia.
  43. Melampyrum L. 35 species of N temperate regions.
  44. Melasma P. Bergius. 20 species of tropical Africa and America.
  45. Micrargeria Benth. 4 species of tropical Africa and India.
  46. Micrargeriella R.E.Fr. 1 species of tropical east Africa.
  47. Monochasma Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav. 4 species of eastern Asia.
  48. Nesogenes A. DC. 8 species of Tanzania, Madagascar, Indian and Pacific Ocean.
  49. Nothobartsia (Brot.) Bolliger & Molau. 1 species, N. aspera (Brot.) Bolliger & Molau, Mediterranean.
  50. Nothochilus Radlk. 1 species of Brazil.
  51. Odontites Ludw. (including Orthantha (Benth.) Wettst.; Orthanthella Rauschert). 30 species of western and southern Europe.
  52. Omphalotrix Maxim. 1 species of northeastern Asia.
  53. Ophiocephalus Wiggins. 1 species [O. angustifolius Wiggins] of Baja California.
  54. *Orobanche L. (including Aphyllon Mitch., Necranthus Gilli). ca. 150 species of northern hemisphere.
  55. Orthocarpus Nutt. 9 species of W. North America.
  56. Parastriga Mildbr. 1 species of tropical Africa.
  57. Parentucellia Viv. 2 species of Europe, Mediterranean to southwest Asia.
  58. Pedicularis L. 700 or more species of N. hemisphere, esp. mts. of C. & E. Asia, Europe, one species in Andes.
  59. Petitmenginia Bonati. 2 species of southern China and southeastern Asia.
  60. *Phacellanthus Siebold & Zucc. 1 species of E. Asia.
  61. *Phelypaea L. 4 species of Mediterranean region.
  62. Phtheirospermum Bunge ex Fisch. & C. A. Mey. (including Centrantheropsis Bonati ). 7 species of eastern Asia.
  63. Physocalyx Pohl. 2 species of Brazil.
  64. *Platypholis Maxim. 1 species of Bonin Island, Japan.
  65. Pseudobartsia D. Y. Hong. 1 species [P. yunnanensis Hong] of China.
  66. Pseudomelasma (Baker) Eb. Fisch. 1 species, P. pedicularioides of Madagascar.
  67. Pseudosopubia Engl. 7 species of tropical Africa.
  68. Pseudostriga Bonati. 1 species of southeast Asia.
  69. Pterygiella Oliv. 3 species of China.
  70. Radamaea Benth. 5 species of Madagascar.
  71. Rhamphicarpa Benth. 6 species of tropical and south Africa, India, tropical Australia.
  72. Rhaphispermum Benth. 1 species, R. gerardioides Benth., of Madagascar.
  73. Rhinanthus L. 45 species of N. hemisphere.
  74. Rhynchocorys Griseb. 6 species of southern Europe to Iran.
  75. Schwalbea L. 1 species (S. americana L.) of E. North America.
  76. Seymeria Pursh. 2 species of southern North America.
  77. Sieversandreas Eb. Fisch. 1 species, S. madagascarianus Eb. Fisch., Madagascar.
  78. Silviella Pennell (including Silvia Benth.). 2 species of Mexico.
  79. Siphonostegia Benth. (including Lesquereuxia Boiss. & Reut). 4 species of eastern Mediterranean and eastern Asia.
  80. Sopubia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don. (including Pseudosopubia Engl.) 67 species of tropical Old World to S. Africa.
  81. Spirostegia Ivanina. 1 species of California and Baja.
  82. Striga Lour. Ca. 40 species of tropical Old World to S. Africa.
  83. Tetraspidium Baker. 1 species of Madagascar.
  84. Thunbergianthus Engl. 1 species of São Tomé (west Africa) and 1 species of tropical east Africa.
  85. *Tienmuia Hu. 1 species of E. China.
  86. Tozzia L. 1 species of the Alps, Carpathians (T. alpina L.)
  87. Triphysaria Fischer & C. Meyer (formerly Orthocarpus). 5 species California, 1 to British Columbia.
  88. Vellosiella Baill. 3 species of Brazil.
  89. Xizangia D. Y. Hong (=Xixangia). 1 species, X. serrata Hong of China.
  90. Xylocalyx Balf. f. 5 species of Somalia.

 

SIUC / College of Science / Parasitic Plant Connection / Dubious List
URL: http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html
Last updated: 28-Jun-08 / dln